Medical
Dermatology

Acne is a common skin condition characterized by pimples, nodules (lumps under the skin), blackheads, and whiteheads. It may occur on the face, chest, back, and arms and is caused by clogged hair follicles and overproduction of oil in the skin. Acne may range from mild to severe and can have a significant impact on mental health and self-esteem. Earlier treatment of acne may help prevent scarring. Treatments include topical and oral medications, including isotretinoin or Accutane®.

Actinic Keratosis is a type of precancerous skin lesion that occurs on sun-exposed areas of the skin. It is caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Actinic Keratoses typically appear as rough, scaly patches on the skin and can progress to skin cancer if left untreated. When actinic keratoses affect the lips, they are collectively referred to as actinic cheilitis. Treatments include topical chemotherapy, in-office treatments like chemical peels, phototherapy as well cryotherapy or liquid nitrogen.

Alopecia is a medical condition that causes hair loss on the scalp and elsewhere on the body. There are many forms of alopecia. It can affect both men and women and can have a significant impact on a person’s self-esteem and emotional well-being. Hair loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, hormonal changes, and medical conditions. There are several treatment options available, including topical and oral medications, hair transplantation, vitamins, injectables, and Platelet Rich Plasma injections or PRP. The best approach depends on the individual’s specific type of hair loss, their personal preferences, and the severity of their hair loss.

Athlete’s foot, or tinea pedis, is a fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. It is caused by warm and moist environments, and is highly contagious. Symptoms of athlete’s foot include itching, burning, and cracking of the skin. Treatments include oral and topical antifungals, as well as powders.

Atopic Dermatitis is a chronic condition that causes itching, redness, and dryness of the skin. It is more common in people with a history of allergies or asthma. In addition to treatments, atopic dermatitis can be managed by avoiding triggers such as stress and harsh soaps. Treatments include topical anti-inflammatories, oral medications, as well as injectables.

Autoimmune skin conditions are skin diseases caused by an overactive immune system attacking the skin. Examples include lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, bullous pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms such as rashes, blisters, and itching. Treatments vary depending on the diagnosis.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer and typically appears as a flat or raised, pink or brown bump. Basal cell carcinoma is slow growing and highly treatable, especially when detected early. For this reason, it is important to get routine skin checks by a dermatologist. Treatments depend on the subtype of BCC, the location, as well as the size. They include surgical excision, electrodessication and curettage, Mohs surgery, and topical medications.

Birthmarks are marks or blemishes that are present on the skin at birth or shortly thereafter. They can be either benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous) and can range in color and size. Examples of birthmarks include café-au-lait spots, port-wine stains, and moles.

Bullous Pemphigoid is a type of autoimmune skin disease that causes large blisters on the skin. It is most common in older adults and can be very distressing. Treatment for bullous pemphigoid may involve the use of topical or oral corticosteroids, and other oral medications.

Burns are injuries to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation. The severity of a burn is determined by its depth and size. First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of skin, while second-degree burns affect the outer and underlying skin layers. Third-degree burns affect all skin layers and can also damage the underlying tissues and organs. Treatment for burns may include wound care, pain management, and surgery.

Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are small, painful sores that appear on the lips and around the mouth. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus and can be triggered by stress, sunlight, and other factors. Cold sores are highly contagious and can be managed with topical and oral antiviral medications.

Condyloma, or genital warts, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain strains of HPV. It appears as small, flesh-colored bumps on or around the genitals or anus, and sometimes the mouth or throat. It is contagious and can be transmitted through sexual contact. Treatment involves removing the warts and reducing transmission risk. Vaccination against HPV is available for prevention.

Contact Dermatitis is a type of skin inflammation that occurs after contact with an irritant or allergen. Symptoms include redness, swelling, itching, and blistering of the affected skin. Common irritants and allergens include nickel, poison ivy, and fragrances. Specific contact sensitivities can be diagnosed by patch testing and may be treated with topical corticosteroids, as well as avoidance of the causative agent.

Cysts are small, closed sacs that are filled with liquid or thick material. There are many types of cysts. They can develop anywhere on the body and can vary in size. Cysts can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, infections, and clogged hair follicles. Treatment for cysts may involve removal of the cyst, or in some cases, observation if the cyst is benign and not causing any symptoms.

Dermatomyositis is a type of autoimmune skin disease that causes a distinctive rash and muscle weakness. The cause of dermatomyositis is not well understood, but it is thought to be an immune system disorder which causes muscle inflammation. Treatment for dermatomyositis may involve the use of topical and/or oral medications, and sometimes, physical therapy.

Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra (DPN) is a benign skin condition that presents as small, dark, raised warty bumps on the face and neck. You may recognize DPNs on Morgan Freeman, the famous actor. DPN is not considered a serious condition, but some people choose to have the lesions removed for cosmetic reasons. The downtime is typically minimal and recovery requires sun-protection.

Eczema presents as a pink scaly rash which is typically itchy. It is a chronic condition that is more common in people with a family history of allergies or asthma. Eczema is often treated with moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, and sometimes oral therapy, or injectable medications.

Fungal infections can affect the skin, nails, and hair, and can cause symptoms such as itching, redness, and scaling. When it affects the nails, they become discolored, thickened, and brittle. Common fungal infections include athlete’s foot, onychomycosis, ringworm, and jock itch. Fungal infections are usually treated with antifungal creams, powders, topicals, or orals.

There are many genetic conditions that can affect the skin, causing a range of symptoms such as rashes, blisters, and skin fragility. Examples include ichthyosis, epidermolysis bullosa, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. The management of genetic skin conditions may involve the use of topical treatments, wound care, and referral for genetic counseling.

Granuloma Annulare is a skin condition that causes raised, circular bumps on the skin. The cause of granuloma annulare is not well understood, but it is thought to be an immune system disorder. Granuloma annulare is typically benign and may resolve on its own, but in some cases, treatment with corticosteroids or other medications may be necessary.

Herpes is a viral infection that is caused by the herpes simplex virus. It can cause outbreaks of painful blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Herpes can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, and there is no cure for the virus. Management of herpes may involve the use of antiviral medications to reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks.

Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating, even in the absence of heat or physical activity. It can affect the underarms, palms, soles of the feet, scalp, or other areas of the body. Hyperhidrosis can be treated with antiperspirants, topical or oral medications, or botulinum toxin injections.

Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection that is most common in children. It causes red sores on the skin that can blister and form a golden-yellow crust. Impetigo is typically treated with antibiotics, either topical or oral.

Intertrigo is a fungal infection that affects the skin folds like the groin or chest. It causes itching, redness, and scaling in the affected area. When it occurs in the groin, it is also referred to as jock itch. Intertrigo is often caused by damp or warm conditions and can be treated with antifungal creams or powders. Keeping the affected area clean and dry can also help to prevent the spread of the infection.

Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition that causes rough bumps on the skin, often on the upper arms, legs, cheeks, or buttocks. The bumps are caused by the buildup of keratin, a protein in the skin. Keratosis pilaris is typically seen in people with sensitive skin, and does not typically cause any symptoms. Moisturizing the skin and using topical creams may help to improve the appearance of the skin.

Lichen planus is a skin condition that causes raised red to violet, scaly, itchy bumps on the skin. It can also affect the mucous membranes, nails, and scalp. The cause of lichen planus is not well understood, but it is thought to be an immune system disorder, or it can be caused by certain medications or underlying conditions. Lichen planus may resolve on its own, but in some cases, treatment with topical or oral medications may be necessary.

Lipomas are benign tumors or growths made up of fatty tissue. They are usually soft and mobile, and can develop anywhere on the body. Lipomas do not usually cause any symptoms, but they may be removed if they are causing discomfort or if there is concern about their appearance. Lipomas can be removed with surgery, and there is a low risk of recurrence.

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many different parts of the body, including the skin. Lupus causes a wide range of symptoms, including rashes, sores, hair loss, and sensitivity to sunlight. Lupus can be managed with medications, but there is no cure for the disease.

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that is caused by pigment-producing cells in the skin. It may present as a black, brown, pink, or multicolored spot and may or may not have symptoms such as itching or bleeding. It may also evolve or change with time. It is important to detect melanoma as early as possible, as it can metastasize or spread to other parts of the body, if left untreated. Therefore, it is vital to get routine skin checks, especially if there is a family history of skin cancer. Melanoma can be treated with surgery, Mohs, or chemotherapy, if a late-stage.

Melasma is a skin condition that causes dark patches of discoloration on the face, particularly the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, or forearms. Melasma is often triggered by exposure to the sun or hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy or with oral contraceptives. Melasma can be treated with topical lightening agents, oral medications, and chemical peels. Sun protection is also important in preventing the recurrence of melasma.

Moles are growths on the skin that can be raised or flat. Most people have some moles, but they can change in appearance or develop new moles as they age. Some moles can be a sign of skin cancer, so it is important to monitor moles for changes and to have any suspicious moles checked by a dermatologist. Routine skin checks are vital for prevention of skin cancer.

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes small, smooth bumps on the skin. It is most common in children and is spread through close contact or shared objects. Molluscum contagiosum can be treated with topical creams, and in-office treatments like freezing. Good hygiene practices can also help to prevent the spread of the infection.

Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disease that causes blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. The blisters can be painful and can cause scarring if they break open. Pemphigus vulgaris is a serious condition that can be life-threatening if left untreated. Treatment may include oral or topical medications and sometimes infusions, if severe.

Poison ivy is a common cause of skin rashes in North America. It is caused by an oil found in the leaves of poison ivy plants that can cause an allergic reaction when it comes into contact with skin. Symptoms of poison ivy include itching, redness, and blistering. To avoid poison ivy, it is important to be able to identify the plant and to avoid touching it. Treatment for poison ivy includes oral medications and topicals.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes pink or red, scaly plaques to develop, which are sometimes itchy. It can affect virtually any part of the skin. There is no cure for psoriasis, but it can be managed with topical creams, light therapy, injectable or oral medications. Psoriasis may also be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, depression, cardiovascular disease, as well as arthritis. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and reducing stress can help to manage the symptoms of psoriasis.

Rashes can be caused by many things, including allergies, infections, and other medical conditions and may present in many different ways on the skin. Depending on the underlying cause, rashes may be treated. It is important to see a doctor if a rash has alarming symptoms, persists, spreads, or is accompanied by other symptoms.

​​Rhinophyma is a growth of the skin of the nose, often causing it to become red, bumpy, and enlarged. It is a subtype of rosacea, a chronic inflammatory skin condition that typically affects the face. Rhinophyma tends to develop in men over the age of 50 and can be progressive in nature. It is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as alcohol consumption and exposure to sunlight. Treatment options for rhinophyma include medications, laser therapy, and surgery.

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that causes redness, flushing, and pimple-like bumps on the face. Rosacea can be triggered by many things, including sun exposure, alcohol consumption, and spicy foods. It can be managed with topical creams or oral medications depending on the severity of the condition. It may also cause a condition caused rhinophyma, which is overgrowth of the sebaceous tissue of the nose. Maintaining a gentle skin care routine, using mineral sunscreen, and avoiding triggers can help to manage the symptoms of rosacea.

Scabies is a skin infection that is caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and can cause an itchy rash that presents with small bumps. It is highly contagious and is spread through close contact with infected individuals. Scabies can be treated with prescription creams, lotions, or oral medications. Washing bed linens and clothing in hot water can also help to prevent the spread of scabies.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin condition that causes red, scaly patches to develop most commonly on the sebaceous-rich areas of the body including the scalp, face, and trunk. Dandruff is a uninflamed version of seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp. Sometimes, it can overlap with psoriasis on the scalp, and is called sebopsoriasis. Seborrheic dermatitis and sebopsoriasis may be itchy and uncomfortable. These conditions can be treated with shampoos, creams, or other topical medications. Maintaining a gentle skin care routine and avoiding triggers, such as harsh soaps and hot showers, can also help to manage the symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.

Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a common, non-cancerous skin growth that appears as a raised, wart-like lesion. It can range in color from light tan to black and may appear anywhere on the body. SK is more commonly found in middle-aged or older individuals, and is usually benign and does not require treatment. However, if the growth is causing discomfort or is cosmetically undesirable, it can be removed through various medical procedures. SK can be mistaken for melanoma, a type of skin cancer, so it is important to have it evaluated by a dermatologist to rule out any serious conditions.

Shingles or herpes zoster is a viral infection that causes a painful blistering rash in a nerve or dermatomal distribution. Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and typically affects people who have already had chickenpox. The virus remains at rest in the spine, and when it reactivates, can appear on the skin in the form of shingles. Triggers include stress and a weakened immune system. Shingles can be treated with antiviral medications, pain relievers, and other treatments, depending on the severity of the infection. A vaccine is available to help prevent shingles. It may also cause post-herpetic neuralgia which is pain occurring at the site of prior infection. Post-herpetic neuralgia may be managed by topicals or orals.

Skin infections are caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi that invade the skin. Skin infections can cause redness, swelling, and pain, and can be contagious. Treatment for skin infections depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, or antifungal medications. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help to prevent skin infections.

There are many forms of skin cancer, of which the most common are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma including keratoacanthoma, and melanoma. It tends to affect those with fair skin, but can be seen in skin of color as well. Bob Marley had acral lentiginous melanoma, which is a form of melanoma that occurs on the soles of the feet.

Skin cancer can be diagnosed by a board-certified dermatologist, and can be caught in its earliest form by a dermatologist who is trained in dermoscopy. Dermoscopy is the use of a hand-held microscope which magnifies the structures of the skin.

The cause of skin cancer may be multifactorial and include exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or from tanning beds, smoking, genetics, arsenic exposure, drug-induced immunosuppression, or it may present in a long-standing wound or scar. Certain genetic conditions may also have an increased risk of skin cancer, including albinism, Basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome), and Xeroderma pigmentosum. Treatment for skin cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, topical treatments, electrodessication and curretage, and sometimes chemotherapy. Wearing sun-protective clothing, applying sunscreen, regular skin checks, avoiding tanning beds, and limiting sun exposure during peak hours (10am-4pm) are all measures that can help to prevent skin cancer.

Skin tags are small, flesh-colored growths that develop most commonly in skin folds and around the neck. Skin tags are usually harmless, but can be unsightly or become irritated. Skin tags can be removed by a doctor through a variety of methods, including cutting, freezing, or burning. It is not necessary to remove skin tags unless they are causing discomfort or concern.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that affects the squamous cells in the skin. Early forms of SCC include squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Keratoacanthoma is regarded as another variant of SCC which is rapidly growing. If left untreated, SCC can metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. It may be caused by exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun or tanning beds, and genetic predisposition. Squamous cell carcinoma can be treated with Mohs surgery, or other treatments, depending on the size and location of the cancer. Sun protection, such as wearing a hat and applying sunscreen, can help to prevent SCC.

Tinea versicolor is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin, and presents as scaly patches of discolored skin, which may or may not be itchy. Tinea versicolor is caused by a type of yeast that normally lives on the skin, but overgrows in warm, humid conditions. It can be treated with antifungal medications, either applied to the skin or taken orally.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition in which the skin loses its color, resulting in patches of light or white skin. It is caused by the loss of pigment-producing cells, or melanocytes in the skin, and sometimes, the hair. Vitiligo can affect any part of the body, and can be very emotionally disfiguring. It may be managed with medications, light therapy, cosmetic camoflauge, and autologous skin transplant. Depending on the extent of involvement, depigmentation therapy may be an option for therapy. There is no known cure for vitiligo.

Warts are small, rough growths that develop on the skin. Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which invades the skin. They can appear anywhere on the body, and can be treated with medications, freezing, or surgery, depending on the size and location of the wart. Warts can be contagious, so it is important to wash hands frequently.